There is a protocol called the Domain Name System (DNS) which is used to 'translate' domain names into TCP/IP addresses, to identify computers over the internet.
A Registrar will submit domain name information to a Registry. The Registry will then upload this domain information onto a centralised database.
The Registry is responsible for creating and maintaining all domain names for its TLD (Top Level Domain). These TLDs can be either country codes (ccTLD) or generics (gTLD).
Added to this, a Registry will publish the domain information in Internet Zone Files which can be accessed globally by any user via specific platforms.
